26 January 2026

Renewables Obligation (RO)

What is the Renewables Obligation (RO)?

The Renewables Obligation (RO) is a UK government policy introduced in 2002 to support renewable electricity generation.

Its objective was to increase the proportion of electricity supplied from renewable sources by placing a legal obligation on electricity suppliers.


Under the scheme, suppliers must present a set number of Renewables Obligation Certificates (ROCs) to Ofgem each year, based on the volume of electricity they supply to customers. ROCs are issued to operators of renewable electricity generating facilities, based on the amount of renewable energy generated.

The RO closed to new generation in March 2017, but it remains in force because accredited renewable generators continue to receive ROCs for up to 20 years. As a result, the scheme will continue to impact electricity bills well into the 2030s.


How do ROCs work in practice?

Renewable generators earn ROCs for the electricity they produce and sell those ROCs to suppliers, either bundled with power or separately. Suppliers then use ROCs to meet their annual obligation.

If a supplier does not present enough ROCs, it must instead pay a buy-out price per missing ROC to Ofgem. These buy-out payments are collected into a central fund and recycled back to suppliers that did present sufficient ROCs. This recycling mechanism increases the cost of non-compliance and underpins the value of ROCs.

Ultimately, suppliers recover these costs from customers through electricity bills.


Who pays the RO?

The RO is charged to all electricity consumers, with the cost passed through by suppliers as a non-commodity levy. For most business customers, it appears as a separate line item rather than being included in the wholesale unit rate.

Certain Energy Intensive Industries (EIIs) may qualify for partial or full exemptions, subject to meeting eligibility thresholds and submitting approved applications.


How much is the RO ?

RO charges are revised annually for each obligation year, which runs from 1 April to 31 March. The buy-out price is linked to inflation, meaning RO costs generally rise over time.

In p/kWh terms, the RO typically equates to around 2.5–3.5 p/kWh for business electricity customers in recent years, depending on the obligation level, recycling outcome and supplier methodology.

This makes it one of the largest policy costs on a UK electricity bill.

Because the final cost is only confirmed after the obligation year ends, suppliers must forecast RO charges in advance.  This makes transparency and reconciliation particularly important for larger energy users.

If you would like to ensure your RO charges have been invoiced correctly. Contact us today and we can review your recent invoices to make sure you aren't paying more than necessary.

by Craig Watson 27 March 2026
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In a year that began with falling energy prices, there were recurring catalysts that led to prices climbing steadily higher. Geopolitical uncertainty and the perennial threat of escalating conflicts meant fear would maintain a constant presence in the wholesale markets. We will look back at the key energy stories from 2024, and how the energy markets are likely to shape up in 2025. Quarter 1  The year began with cautious optimism as the UK’s gas reserve levels were healthy and prices for the Summer’24 season were in freefall. In February, prices pulled back to their lowest levels since 2021, and for the first time in a while, we identified that there was greater potential for upside risk than for further downward price movement: “ there now (exists) an asymmetrical element of risk should the market encounter a supply-side problem of significance. ” During February we had advised customers on flexible contracts that this was an ideal time for making purchases. March would see prices begin to ascend again as international conflict would create problems with LNG imports, and we would highlight the geopolitical risks as an area for concern moving forwards: “ fears remain and there are potential negative catalysts that could lead to prices rising further, with the main factors to watch out for being based on geopolitical unrest. “ For a business that purchases their energy in advance, this quarter was the optimal time for purchasing during 2024. In February, electricity prices for Winter’25 were down to 7.75p/Kwh, and as low as 6.05p/Kwh for Summer’25. Winter’25 ended the year with prices above 11.1p/Kwh, with Summer’25 prices exceeding 9p/Kwh. For a company that uses 500,000Kwh of electricity per month, the difference between buying at the February low point compared to today’s prices would represent a yearly saving of over £200,000.
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